diff --git a/deployment/container/Dockerfile-rag b/deployment/container/Dockerfile-rag
index 3c8f096..dd5a8af 100644
--- a/deployment/container/Dockerfile-rag
+++ b/deployment/container/Dockerfile-rag
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
     libpq-dev \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-# Copy requirements and install dependencies
+# Copy requirements and install to /opt/venv
 COPY requirements.txt .
-RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --user -r requirements.txt
+RUN python -m venv /opt/venv
+ENV PATH="/opt/venv/bin:$PATH"
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
 
 # Run stage
 FROM python:3.11-slim
@@ -35,15 +37,14 @@ RUN adduser --system --group ${USERNAME} && \
 
 WORKDIR ${ARTIFACTORY_HOME}
 
-# Copy Python dependencies from builder
-# COPY --from=builder /root/.local /home/${USERNAME}/.local
-COPY --from=builder --chown=${USERNAME}:${USERNAME} /root/.local /home/${USERNAME}/.local
+# Copy Python virtual environment from builder
+COPY --from=builder /opt/venv /opt/venv
 
 # Copy application code
 COPY --chown=${USERNAME}:${USERNAME} . .
 
-# Update PATH to include user's local bin
-ENV PATH=/home/${USERNAME}/.local/bin:$PATH
+# Update PATH to include venv
+ENV PATH="/opt/venv/bin:$PATH"
 
 USER ${USERNAME}